3 · Interactive Brokers costs
Charged the broker's own fee grid
At …, the largest account we test: commissions, exchange and clearing fees, spreads, square-root market impact, borrow on shorts. Every point slides left by what it pays, and the more it trades the further it slides: the median gross effect gives up … of Sharpe.
… real effects are killed by costs. … survive, tested together as one family of …: a t of 2 kept by Benjamini-Hochberg at 5%, or robust, a t of 3 with a Romano-Wolf p below 0.05.
τ turnover per year, c all-in cost of one unit traded at that size, b borrow.